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Technological innovation, trade openness, natural resources, clean energy on environmental sustainably: a competitive assessment between CO2 emission, ecological footprint, load capacity factor and inverted load capacity factor in BRICS T

Authors: Jie Sun,Md. Qamruzzaman
Journal: Frontiers in Environmental Science
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Publish date: 2025-2-4
ISSN: 2296-665X DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1520562
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In Table 4, Panel A, several t‑statistics are implausibly large in absolute value, e.g.,

For LCF model: Y2 coefficient = 0.2546 with t = 84.866
REC+ coefficient = -0.2524 with t = 84.133
TO+ coefficient = 0.2869 with t = -47.816 (note sign mismatch)
These t‑values far exceed any reasonable distribution (implying near‑zero standard errors). Are these actual computed values or typographical errors? If real, what does this imply about the standard errors, possible over‑fitting, extremely high multicollinearity, or a data transformation error? Please disclose the actual standard errors and degrees of freedom.

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