The abstract states that TTF “generates a paradox by enhancing AI literacy while increasing AI dependence” (emphasis added). However, the path coefficients reveal a stark asymmetry: TTF→AID (β=0.579, p<0.001) is nearly twice as strong as TTF→AIL (β=0.325, p<0.001).
Does this not suggest that TTF’s “enhancing” effect on AI literacy is substantially weaker than its “inhibiting” effect through dependence? How can the authors justify framing this as a balanced “paradox” when the data shows a dominant negative pathway? The “Empowerment-Inhibition Paradox” appears empirically lopsided.