Given that field stresses are multifactorial and dynamic, how can single‑gene or even multi‑gene edits, validated under controlled conditions, be expected to deliver reliable climate resilience in real‑world farming systems?
Does the promotion of elevated‑CO₂‑responsive traits in C3 crops risk creating varieties that are “winners” in one climate dimension but losers in others (e.g., nutritional quality, pathogen susceptibility, water‑use efficiency under drought)?