The article proposes innovative catalyst systems like ZIF-90-Gua and Fe3O4@HKUST-ABIL composites for biodiesel production, but critical shortcomings undermine its reliability. Key issues include insufficient methodological transparency in catalyst synthesis and optimization, with a lack of replicates, error bars, and statistical validation, raising concerns about the reproducibility of results. Citation discrepancies and selective comparisons weaken its foundation, as several claims, such as catalyst reusability and environmental benefits, are unsupported by robust lifecycle analyses or are contradicted by existing literature. Graphical data often lack confidence intervals, obscuring variability and reliability, while mechanistic explanations, such as enhanced activity from material modifications, remain speculative and unverified. These gaps and inconsistencies call for rigorous methodological refinement, comprehensive data validation, and a more balanced evaluation of the proposed systems.
