The reported sensitivity, selectivity, and limit of detection (LOD) across different studies are often presented without a standardized benchmark, making it difficult to assess practical applicability. Can the authors critically discuss the influence of real-sample complexity (e.g., human serum, saliva, urine) on biosensor accuracy, specificity, and response time?
Furthermore, have matrix effects such as protein fouling, ionic interference, and pH variability been accounted for in the cited works? If not, how do the authors propose mitigating these issues for real-world implementation of these biosensors?